---
lang: en
type: Profile
record_kind: entity-profile
title: Marathi
description: Marathi is a western Indo-Aryan language and the official language of Maharashtra, with a literary tradition dating to the 12th-century saint-poets. It preserves three-gender agreement and ergative patterns shared with Hindi.
llms_summary: "Marathi. (Mumbai, Maharashtra, India). Profile. Grammatical Typology SOV, Split-ergative. L1 Native Speakers 83 M. Language Family Indo-European / Indo-Iranian / Indo-Aryan. Language Vitality Index 9 scale. Number of Countries 1 countries. Standard Script Devanagari (Marathi). Total Speakers 99 M. UNESCO Risk Category Safe. Web Domain Share (%) 10% %. Linguistics & Culture. Marathi is a western Indo-Aryan language and the official language of Maharashtra, with a literary tradition dating to the 12th-century saint-poets. It preserves three-gender agreement and ergative patterns shared with Hindi.  canonical profile on Chrisyst Datasets"
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indexed_at: "2026-07-16T13:15:13.715Z"
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---
# Marathi

Marathi is a western Indo-Aryan language and the official language of Maharashtra, with a literary tradition dating to the 12th-century saint-poets. It preserves three-gender agreement and ergative patterns shared with Hindi.

## Record

- **Title**: [Marathi](https://datasets.chrisyst.com/marathi/index.md)
- **Geo target**: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- **Website**: https://marathisahityaparishad.com/
- **Address**: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- **Coordinates**: 19.076, 72.8777

### Summary

Marathi is a western Indo-Aryan language and the official language of Maharashtra, with a literary tradition dating to the 12th-century saint-poets. It preserves three-gender agreement and ergative patterns shared with Hindi.

### Description

## Historical Evolution
Marathi emerged from Maharashtri Prakrit, with the Yadava period and Bhakti poets (Dnyaneshwar, Tukaram) establishing literary prestige. The Maratha Empire spread the language across the Deccan; colonial Bombay Presidency integrated English loans. Modern standardization is overseen by Maharashtra government and literary academies.

## Phonology
Marathi contrasts aspirated/unaspirated stops and retroflex consonants; it includes a distinct set of breathy-voiced murmured consonants in some dialects. Vowel nasalization marks some grammatical contrasts. Stress is typically initial or penultimate depending on region.

## Syntax
Marathi is SOV with postpositions and split ergativity in perfective past. Three grammatical genders and plural agreement persist on verbs and adjectives. Honorific pluralization and regional dialect variation (Pune vs Mumbai) influence everyday speech.

### Attributes

- **Grammatical Typology**: SOV, Split-ergative
- **L1 Native Speakers**: 83 M _(quality 83)_
- **Language Family**: Indo-European / Indo-Iranian / Indo-Aryan
- **Language Vitality Index**: 9 scale _(quality 9)_
- **Number of Countries**: 1 countries _(quality 1)_
- **Standard Script**: Devanagari (Marathi)
- **Total Speakers**: 99 M _(quality 99)_
- **UNESCO Risk Category**: Safe
- **Web Domain Share (%)**: 10% % _(quality 0)_