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type: Profile
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title: Hindustani
description: Hindustani names the pluricentric continuum spanning Hindi and Urdu, sharing a common spoken grammar while diverging in formal lexicon and script. It is the everyday language of hundreds of millions across North India and Pakistan.
llms_summary: "Hindustani. (New Delhi, Delhi, India). Profile. Grammatical Typology SOV, Split-ergative. L1 Native Speakers 340 M. Language Family Indo-European / Indo-Iranian / Indo-Aryan. Language Vitality Index 10 scale. Number of Countries 2 countries. Standard Script Devanagari (Hindi) / Perso-Arabic Nastaliq (Urdu). Total Speakers 600 M. UNESCO Risk Category Safe. Web Domain Share (%) 40% %. Linguistics & Culture. Hindustani names the pluricentric continuum spanning Hindi and Urdu, sharing a common spoken grammar while diverging in formal lexicon and script. It is the everyday language of hundreds of millions across North India and Pakistan.  canonical profile on Chrisyst Datasets"
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---
# Hindustani

Hindustani names the pluricentric continuum spanning Hindi and Urdu, sharing a common spoken grammar while diverging in formal lexicon and script. It is the everyday language of hundreds of millions across North India and Pakistan.

## Record

- **Title**: [Hindustani](https://datasets.chrisyst.com/hindustani/index.md)
- **Geo target**: New Delhi, Delhi, India
- **Website**: https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/
- **Address**: New Delhi, Delhi, India
- **Coordinates**: 28.6139, 77.209

### Summary

Hindustani names the pluricentric continuum spanning Hindi and Urdu, sharing a common spoken grammar while diverging in formal lexicon and script. It is the everyday language of hundreds of millions across North India and Pakistan.

### Description

## Historical Evolution
Hindustani arose in the Delhi region from Khari Boli vernaculars infused with Persian, Arabic, and Turkic elements during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal periods. Hindi and Urdu later diverged sociolinguistically: Hindi Sanskritized its educated register under standardization in Devanagari, while Urdu Perso-Arabicized and adopted Nastaliq script. Spoken Hindustani remains largely mutually intelligible across the Hindi–Urdu spectrum.

## Phonology
The core system includes ten vowels (oral and nasal) and a stop series with contrastive aspiration (e.g., क /k/ vs ख /kʰ/). Retroflex consonants are phonemic and socially salient. Stress is typically penultimate, and schwa deletion (हिन्दी → /hɪndiː/) is a hallmark of fluent Hindi speech.

## Syntax
Hindustani is SOV with postpositions and ergative alignment in perfective past clauses (ने marking transitive agents). Verbs agree with subjects in gender and number; aspect is expressed periphrastically with auxiliaries. Honorific strategies include plural verb agreement for singular superiors and specialized pronoun forms.

### Attributes

- **Grammatical Typology**: SOV, Split-ergative
- **L1 Native Speakers**: 340 M _(quality 340)_
- **Language Family**: Indo-European / Indo-Iranian / Indo-Aryan
- **Language Vitality Index**: 10 scale _(quality 10)_
- **Number of Countries**: 2 countries _(quality 2)_
- **Standard Script**: Devanagari (Hindi) / Perso-Arabic Nastaliq (Urdu)
- **Total Speakers**: 600 M _(quality 600)_
- **UNESCO Risk Category**: Safe
- **Web Domain Share (%)**: 40% % _(quality 0)_